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- $Unique_ID{BRK03698}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Elephantiasis}
- $Subject{Elephantiasis Elephantitis Lymphedema, Hereditary Lymphedema,
- Secondary Filariasis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 689:
- Elephantiasis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Elephantiasis) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Elephantitis
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Lymphedema, Hereditary
- Lymphedema, Secondary
- Filariasis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Elefantiasis is a rare disorder of the lymphatic system. Inflammation of
- the lymphatic vessels causes extreme enlargement of the affected area, most
- commonly a limb or parts of the head and torso. It occurs most commonly in
- tropical regions and particularly in parts of Africa.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Elephantiasis is characterized by the gross enlargement of a limb or areas of
- the trunk or head. There is an abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in the
- tissues (edema) causing severe swelling. The skin usually develops a
- thickened, pebbly appearance and may become ulcerated and darkened. Fever,
- chills and a general feeling of ill health (malaise) may be present.
-
- Elephantiasis may also affect the male and female genital organs. In a
- male, there may be enlargement of the scrotum, and the penis may be retracted
- under skin which has become thickened, nonelastic, hot and painful. The
- spermatic cords may become thickened.
-
- The external parts of the female genital organs (vulva) may also be
- affected by elephantiasis. A long, tumorous mass covered by thickened and
- ulcerated skin may develop between the thighs. There may also be an
- enlargement of the lymph nodes of the legs.
-
- Causes
-
- The extreme enlargement of the limbs and other areas of the body
- characterized by elephantiasis, is the result of obstruction of the lymph
- flow and possibly of blood circulation. The lymphatic blockage can be due to
- recurrent attacks of a bacterial infection which causes inflammation of the
- lymphatic vessels (streptococcal lymphangitis). When the lymphatic
- obstruction is large enough, back pressure in the lymphatic channels produces
- dilation of the superficial vessels, resulting in extreme swelling. Without
- medical intervention, the cycle continues until the affected area is
- grotesquely enlarged. Death of surrounding tissues may also occur from an
- obstructed blood supply (gangrene).
-
- Recent studies have shown that a possible cause of elephantiasis in
- Africa may be related to the red soil on which certain barefooted populations
- live. It is believed that small chemical particles found in the soil may
- enter the skin through the bare feet. These particles then lodge in the
- lymphatic tissues and produce irritating effects. The traumatized tissue is
- then vulnerable to streptococcal infection.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Elephantiasis is most commonly found in African nations.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Hereditary Lymphedema is a genetic disorder of the lymphatic system. Major
- symptoms may include swelling of the tissue under the skin resulting from
- obstruction, destruction or underdevelopment of lymph vessels and
- accumulation of excessive lymph fluid. For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Hereditary Lymphedema" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database.
-
- Secondary Lymphedema is a disorder of the lymphatic system resulting from
- infection. Symptoms may include sudden onset, chills, high fever and the
- presence of a red, hot, swollen leg.
-
- Filariasis is a disorder spread to man by mosquito bite. Major symptoms
- may include chills, fever, headache and elephantiasis. For more information
- on this disorder, choose "Filariasis" as a search term in the Rare Disease
- Database.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of elefantiasis usually involves surgery to remove excess skin. In
- extreme cases, the amputation of an entire limb may be necessary.
-
- In cases where the male genitals have been affected, reconstructive
- surgery on the penis and scrotum has been successful.
-
- Anti-streptococcal antibiotics are used to relieve infection. Lymphatic
- tissue is removed by surgery or radiation therapy.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Elephantiasis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 329-3534
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D. ed.-in-chief; Merck
- Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 372.
-
- ELEPHANTIASIS NOSTRAS: AN EIGHT-YEAR OBSERVATION OF PROGRESSIVE
- NONFILARIAL ELEPHANTIASIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY. L.J. Sanders et al.; CUTIS
- (Nov. 1988; 42(5)). Pp. 406-411.
-
- ELEPHANTIASIS NOSTRAS--A CASE REPORT: S.A. Baughman et al.; ANGIOLOGY
- (Feb. 1988 39(2)). Pp. 164-168.
-
-